Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and politician who was born in 100 BCE. He became the dictator of the Roman Republic from 49 BCE until his assassination in 44 BCE, and he played a major role in the transformation of the Republic into the Roman Empire.
Caesar was a member of the First Triumvirate (meaning "group of three men") with Crassus and Pompey, and together they dominated Roman politics for several years. As a general, he led the Roman armies to conquer Gaul and southern Britain from 58 BCE to 50 BCE. During this time, Crassus was killed by the Parthians in Carrhae, and Caesar's political alliance with Pompey fractured. In 49 BCE, when asked by the Senate to relinquish his position and return to Rome, Caesar responded by marching his army on Rome in a civil war, with Pompey leading his opposition. Pompey would be assassinated in Alexandria the next year, and Caesar was appointed dictator successively each year until 44 BCE, when he declared himself dictator perpetuo ("perpetually dictator"). Soon after, he would be assassinated in a political conspiracy during the Ides of March due to fears of his increasing power and undermining of Rome's republican institutions.
Following Caesar's death, his birth month of Quintilis was renamed July in his honor, and he was officially deified in 42 BCE. His adopted son and heir Octavian would become politically dominant in his own right, and Octavian, who had assumed the name Imperator Caesar ("commander Caesar"), was conferred the honorific title Augustus ("the majestic") by the Senate in 27 BCE; by convention, this conferral is used to mark the beginning of the Roman Empire.
Beginning in the late first century CE, the family name (cognomen) Caesar was adopted by emperors upon succession. In the third century CE, caesar would also become a formal title for designated heirs. By the late 12th century, caesar was the fourth most prestigious title in the Byzantine Empire after basileus (emperor), despotēs, and sebastokratōr. The German and Slavic terms Kaiser and tsar (both meaning "emperor") are derived from "Caesar".
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A statesman, general, and author known for his rule over the Roman Republic. His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar. His many accomplishments led to his name being used as a title for later Roman emperors.
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